par bennie » 14 Avr 2005, 14:02
[QUOTE] INTRNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE 14 Avril 2005
ISCHGL, Austria You would not tend to apply the term "guest worker" to Anna Hass, who is a 23-year-old waitress at the large mountaintop Panorama restaurant in this Austrian ski resort, because for four decades, a guest worker - gastarbeiter in German - meant a Turk or a Yugoslav who came to labor-short Germany in search of the sort of job that Germans did not usually want to do.
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But now, in a twist of fate, Germans, especially young people from the former East like Hass, are traveling abroad in search of work, becoming ethnic German "gastarbeiter" in Austria or Switzerland or Iceland, embodying as they do so the lengthy economic stagnation in the country where gastarbeiter always meant somebody else..
"It's very bad," said Hass, who is trained to be a veterinarian assistant, of her home, which is a village in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in the German northeast. "There's no chance to find a job, except maybe one that's totally underpaid, like €600 a month," about 775.
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The result, as the Austrian tabloid News, had it in big headlines last month is this: "The Germans Are Coming!" According to News, 45,000 of them are now working in Austria, compared with half that number five years ago, though others put the current figure at more like 25,000.
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"It started about three or four years ago," Harald Seidler, the manager of the Panorama restaurant, said of the influx of Germans.
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He dated the phenomenon slightly differently than News.
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"It was when the EU became more restrictive about non-EU workers," he continued, referring to the European Union.
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"Before, they came from Turkey, Croatia and other parts of the former Yugoslavia, like Slovenia," Seidler said, "but that's all over. It's really mostly Germans now. They speak German and they have good qualifications, so there's no communications problems with our guests, who are 80 percent Germans, and there's a lot less paperwork than for somebody from the East."
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It is not difficult to pinpoint the paradox in this for Germany, namely that the country that is home to more than 2 million Turkish "guest workers" is now exporting guest workers of its own, a sort of reversal of fortune that illustrates the extent to which Germany is no longer the country of the economic miracle.
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Just as four decades ago Germany set up recruitment offices in Anatolia to persuade Turkish workers of the benefits of taking jobs in Germany, now there are job placement services in places like Mecklenburg-Vorpommern finding young Germans for positions in the Austrian tourism and health care industries, the two economic arenas most in need of foreign personnel.
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Several reasons are cited for this, not least that neighboring countries like Austria, which once lagged well behind Germany, are doing better now. Austria's unemployment rate is about 5 percent, which is itself a problem, but compared to Germany's rate of 12.5 percent - a national figure pushed upward by the figures in the former East, which reach to 25 percent and more - the Austrian situation looks pretty good.
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"The Austrian economy is doing better," Karl Aiginger, director of the Austrian Institute for Economic Research, said. He cited the tremendous cost to Germany of reunification, which involved a massive transfer of money from the former West to the former East, but with disappointing economic results.
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"We had the advantage that many of our Eastern neighbors have a high growth rate and we were able to capitalize on that," Aiginger said, referring to Austria's ability to form strong economic ties with new EU member states like the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia.
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But what of Austria's elaborate and costly social welfare network?
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It is similar to the network in Germany that is often blamed for a major share of German's own stagnation.
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Indeed, guest workers like Hass are evidence that cutbacks in Germany, especially in unemployment compensation, are driving many young Germans to places like Austria for seasonal work.
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This corresponds to what many people in Germany are saying about the phase of economic reform that went into effect at the beginning of this year. The phase, known as Hartz IV - named after the Volkswagen executive who devised the program - is aimed at reducing unemployment insurance enough so that it would no longer make economic sense for a person to remain unemployed rather than take a low-paying job.
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Hass herself is entitled to collect unemployment payments in Germany during the off-season in Austria, but because the amount is so low - it would be about €300 a month, compared to about €800 before Hartz IV went into effect - she will look for another job abroad in the summer.
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"I don't think the cost of social welfare is the main German problem," Aiginger said, referring to Germany's economic malaise. "The main point is that German labor costs are still the highest in Europe, and it's in middle technology, not high tech."
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Distracted by the costs of reunification, Aiginger said, Germany lagged behind in research and development, while Austria did not.
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"The country with the highest wages must be the most productive and must specialize in the highest technologies, but that was just forgotten in Germany," he said.
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And so, here on this mountaintop in Austria, where all the hotels were fully booked for this past late-season ski weekend, young Germans were talking about their expertise in finding jobs abroad.
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They use the Internet or they go to a labor office that lists seasonal jobs in other countries. One of Hass's friends here, Adina Lens, 22, said that two years ago, she worked on a cattle and sheep farm in Iceland. Other common job offerings include picking strawberries in Sweden in the spring or going to Euro Disney in France in the summer.
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"There used to be lots of agriculture," Lens said of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, where she also comes from, "but there's little tourism and little industry and the infrastructure is not so good, so no big companies go there. Lots of people leave, especially young people."
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Danny Huhn, a 26-year-old waiter at the Panorama who comes from Lutherstadt in the former East Germany, gave some statistics on these departures, saying that in his graduating high school class of 17, maybe four of five are still there.
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"I'm young," he said. "I go where I can make more money. I don't need to stay in Germany and work for nothing. The whole scene in East Germany is really bad. Young people go abroad a lot, and it's not that good any more, economically speaking, in West Germany either."
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Ca raconte comment de plus en plus d'Allemands trouvent du travail à l'étranger, ici dans la restauration, en Autriche, dans des centres touristiques, où 80% de la clientèle est ...allemande!